抗凝血剂中毒的症状以异常出血为核心，具体表现为皮肤不明原因瘀斑、紫癜、皮下血肿，受撞击或压迫部位易出血；可见鼻出血、牙龈出血、月经过多，或血尿、黑便消化道出血，严重者可出现呕血、咯血、颅内出血伴头痛、呕吐、意识障碍，伤口止血时间明显延长；部分慢性中毒者可因隐匿失血出现头晕、乏力等贫血表现。
Thecomplicationsofanticoagulantpoisoningincludemassiveinternalbleedingintracranialhemorrhage,gastrointestinalhemorrhage,retroperitonealhemorrhage,pericardialhemorrhage,hemorrhagicanemia,hypovolemicshock,acuteorgandysfunctionacutekidneyinjury,centralnervoussystemdysfunction,andfataloutcomesinseverecases.
1.Intracranialhemorrhage:Bloodaccumulationinthecranialcavitycompressesbraintissue,causingneurologicalimpairmentssuchasalteredconsciousness,seizures,focallimbweakness,andmayprogresstobrainherniationordeath.
2.Gastrointestinalhemorrhage:Bleedingfromthedigestivetractleadstosymptomslikehematemesisvomitingbloodormelenadarktarrystools,whichcanresultinseverebloodlossandsubsequentanemiaorhypovolemicshock.
3.Retroperitonealhemorrhage:Bleedingintotheretroperitonealspacecausesvagueabdominalorbackpain,withhiddenbloodlossthatoftenprogressestohypovolemicshockwithoutobviousexternalbleedingsigns.
4.Hemorrhagicanemia:Sustainedbloodlossreducesredbloodcellandhemoglobinlevels,leadingtopallor,fatigue,shortnessofbreath,andreducedoxygensupplytovitalorgans.
5.Hypovolemicshock:Acriticalconditionfromsignificantlydecreasedbloodvolumeduetomassivebleeding,markedbyrapidheartrate,lowbloodpressure,confusion,andinadequatetissueperfusion.
6.Acutekidneyinjury:Resultingfrominsufficientbloodflowtothekidneysduetohypovolemia,itimpairskidneyfunction,causeswasteandelectrolyteaccumulation,andmayleadtopermanentrenaldamageifuntreated.
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